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Ethanol engines and efficiency
Current ethanol engines are mildly modified gasoline engines with a few adjustments required to operate reliably, such as the use of various seals made of "Viton" rubber, as opposed the common "Butyl"-based rubber seals, to overcome the corrosive effect the alcohol content of the ethanol fuel. Also there is a neccessary water-separator system because of atmospheric humidity contaminating vented fuel tanks. Vehicles using gasoline/ethanol engines are often referred to as "Flex-Fuel" or "Dual-Fuel" in the marketplace.
Ethanol consumption in an engine is approximately 34% higher than that of gasoline (the BTUs per gallon are 34% lower), but higher compression ratios in an ethanol-only engine allow for increased power output. In general, ethanol-powered engines were tuned to give similar power and torque output than gasoline-powered ones. For example, a 2001 Fiat Mille, 1 liter gasoline type C engine had 57 HP/8,2 mkgf outputs (and 9,5:1 compression ratio), while the 1 liter hydrated ethanol engine had 61HP/8,1 mkgf (and 11,4:1 compression ratio) tuning. [20]. However, in some older engines, differences of up to 10 HP were not uncommon. This was the case of the 1988 1.6/S Chevrolet Chevette engines: the ethanol-powered engine had a 82/12,8/12:1 configuration, the gas engine had a much lower, 73/12,6/8,5:1 configuration. [21] The same happened with Volkswagen Passat TS 1,6 liters (1982, ethanol) and Passat LS 1,6 liters (1983, gasoline), which had 98(raw)/13,3(raw)/10,8:1 versus 88(raw)/13,3(raw)/8,3:1 respectively. [22]
Since ethanol-powered engines were phased out in favor of flexible fuel vehicles, the lower compression ratio requires tunings that give the same output when using either gasoline or hydrated ethanol. For example, a 2006/2007 Volkswagen Polo 1.6 Total Flex tops 101 HP when running on gas, or 103 HP with ethanol.[23]
Higher compression rates would allow for dramatically increased power output (this is the arrangement now used in "Indy" racing cars). For maximum use of ethanol's benefits, a compression ratio of nearly 15:1 should be used -- which would render that engine unsuitable for gasoline usage. When ethanol fuel availability increases to the point where high-compression ethanol-only vehicles are practical, the fuel efficiency of such engines should be the same or greater than current gasoline engines.
When it is desireable to have a dual-fuel vehicle that can run on either gasoline or Ethanol, and the power output when using Ethanol needs to be equal or greater than when running on gasoline, it is possible to increase the effective compression ratio on-demand with a turbocharger that incorporates an electronically-controlled wastegate. In this scenario a modest compression ratio with a low level of boost would allow the use of gasoline. A higher level of turbo boost would increase the real compression ratio when using ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and gas, with the level of boost being based on the readout from fuel octane sensors
OK. a little brain work here.... A premium motor fuel will often be formulated to have both higher octane as well as more energy
Ethanol when blended to our fuels here in TnT to get a 3.5% Oxygen content is the equivalent to 17% more AIR charge.
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